kaizen

Kaizen Japanese for "improvement", or "change for the better" refers to philosophy or practices that focus upon continuous improvement of processes in manufacturing, engineering, game development, and business management. It has been applied in healthcare
psychotherapy, life-coaching, government, banking, and other industries. When used in the business sense and applied to the workplace, kaizen refers to activities that continually improve all functions, and involves all employees from the CEO to the assembly line workers. It also applies to processes, such as purchasing and logistics, that cross organizational boundaries into the supply chain. By improving standardized activities and processes, kaizen aims to eliminate waste (see lean manufacturing). Kaizen was first implemented in several Japanese businesses after the Second World War, influenced in part by American business and quality management teachers who visited the country. It has since spread throughout the world[4] and is now being implemented in many other venues besides just business and productivity.Kaizen is a daily process, the purpose of which goes beyond simple productivity improvement. It is also a process that, when done correctly, humanizes the workplace, eliminates overly hard work ("muri"), and teaches people how to perform experiments on their work using the scientific method and how to learn to spot and eliminate waste in business processes.

In all, the process suggests a humanized approach to workers and to increasing productivity: "The idea is to nurture the company's human resources as much as it is to praise and encourage participation in kaizen activities." Successful implementation requires "the participation of workers in the improvement."People at all levels of an organization participate in kaizen, from the CEO down to janitorial staff, as well as external stakeholders when applicable. The format for kaizen can be individual, suggestion system, small group, or large group. At Toyota, it is usually a local improvement within a workstation or local area and involves a small group in improving their own work environment and productivity. This group is often guided through the kaizen process by a line supervisor; sometimes this is the line supervisor's key role. Kaizen on a broad, cross-departmental scale in companies, generates total quality management, and frees human efforts through improving productivity using machines and computing power.


In modern usage, a focused kaizen that is designed to address a particular issue over the course of a week is referred to as a "kaizen blitz" or "kaizen event". These are limited in scope, and issues that arise from them are typically used in later blitzes.

Anthropometry in ergonomics

Anthropometry is part of the science of ergonomics-related dimensions of the human body which includes the shape, size and strength and its application to the needs of the facility design to human activity. Anthropometric data are necessary for designing equipment and work environment. Convenience of using the tool depends on the suitability of the size of the tool with a human size. If it does not fit, then a period of time will lead to stress the body, among others, may be fatigue, pain, dizziness. The design has a high compatibility with humans who take it very important to reduce the incidence of hazards due to faulty work due to design errors (Liliana et al, 2007). 
Ergonomics: the design of efficient and effective working order. Ergonomics comes from the Greek word "ergo" = work and "nomos" = law. Ergonomics is the science which studies human discipline in connection with his work, studying the properties, capabilities and limitations of humans to design work systems to achieve desired goals effectively, efficiently and safely and comfortably.The focus of attention of ergonomics is closely related to human aspects in the planning and work environment. Some aspects are considered in the design of work stations within the organization include: 
1. Attitudes and working position
2. Anthropometry and space dimensions
3. Working conditions 
4. Economic efficiency of motion and setting the working facilities 
5. Energy work that must be consumed 
Analysis and research of ergonomics include: 
1) Anatomy, Physiology, anthropometry (body dimensions) 
2) Psychology of physiological (brain, blood circulation), regarding the functioning of the brain and nervous system that play a role in human behavior. 
3) The working conditions that can injure both in the short term and long term.
Anthropometry derived from the anthropological (human) and metri (size). Anthropometry is the study relating to the measurement of human body which will be used as an ergonomic considerations in human intraksi require. Measure used is the standard normal rata-rata/kurva. Anthropometric data are widely applied among others in the design of the work area, the design of work equipment, consumer product design, and design of the physical work environment. The design of a product must consider several factors that affect the size of the human body ie age, gender, ethnicity / nation, posture. Standard way of measuring the position of the body, measuring the dimensions of the structure of the body (in a variety of measurements in standard position and not move like weight, height when sitting / standing, head size, height, knee length when standing / sitting, arm length, etc.. Measurement of the functional dimension of the body (measurement when performing certain movements associated with activities to do or in other words, the measurement is made when the body is doing the work in a dynamic position and widely applied in the process of designing the facility / work space).

The relationship between the Ergonomics Anthropometry including:• In the design of the operator seat at a previous company to be made in advance or ANTHROPOMETRY measurements, such as measurement of the average adult female height when standing and sitting, legs, feet and legs, arms, shoulders, neck, and head circumference. This is done so that it meets the seat comfort or ergonomics so as to support the work as an operator to be optimal and avoid injury

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

The main goal is to make the process of making components by using certain materials that meet the requirements of the shape and size and structure that is able to serve certain environmental conditions.Casting process utilizing liquid fluidity able to follow the shape of the container (mold) and then freeze them.Important consideration in the process of formation is the friction that arises between the workpiece by forming tools (eg, dead). Condition of friction in the gears, bearings, sliding bearings and other components similar to it, generally include: 
• Two surfaces with materials and nearly the same strength
 • Expenses elastic so that no surface plastic deformation 
• The existence of cycles in the wear-surface and eventually obtained a compatible pair
 • Usually occurs at low temperatures
 • Easy application and eliminate them
 • reactivity with the surface of the material 
• Ability to work on a variety of stress conditions. Temperature and speed of formation 
• His ability to wet the surface (both surfaces of the workpiece and tooling). 
other factors: 
TEMPERATUREInfluence of temperature on the formation process is in terms of changing the nature and behavior of the material.Based on the current temperature of defective materials, metal forming processes can be grouped into three types, namely hot working, cold working and warm working.
MUG HEATHot metal forming processes where the deformation process carried out under conditions of temperature and strain rate and deformation where recrystallization processes occur simultaneously.
COLD WORKThe process of formation by means of deformation carried out at temperatures below the recrystallization temperature condition known as cold working process (cold work) and is generally performed at room temperature. When compared with the heat then cold work process has several advantages, namely: 
1. No need for heating 
2. Surface finish (surface finishing) a better 
3. Directional properties can be lifted.
4. The problem of contamination can be reduced 
The disadvantages are: 
1. A large force is required to perform deformation 
2. Keep heavy equipment and large power 
3. Products become less resilient
 4. Damage to the nature of the 
5. The incidence of residual stress.
WARM formatingWarm forming process. the metal forming process in which the temperature lies between the temperature of the deformation process of hot and cold working.

ergonomics

Ergonomics comes from the words: "ergon" = work, 'nomos' = rules / laws, so that Ergonomics can be defined as the science of the rules on working. "Ergonomics is the science and its application to align their job search and the environment against people or vice versa in order to achieve high productivity and efficiency through optimum utilization of man"
Ergonomics is the science which studies human behavior in relation to their work. Ergonomics is the study targets people working in the environment. In short we can say that ergonomics is the adjustment of job duties with the condition of the human body to reduce stress is to be faced. The effort, which includes adjusting the size of the workplace with the dimensions of the body to avoid tiring, setting temperature, light and humidity aims to fit the needs of the human body. (Http: / / blogteknikindustri.wordpress.com/2009/07/27/pengantar-ergonomi /)
FUNCTION Ergonomics Ergonomics has a function that can provide comfort for people to do the job. With constraints such as those possessed by human limitations can be overcome. Another function, ergonomics can reduce energy use even more when someone does the job. Selin, ergonomics can mebuat better person in doing a good job pruktivitas better. For example, the position between the tables and chairs when we work or study. This position is made in such a way that we can easily do the job. Psychological impact that can make the productivity increase due to an ergonomic position to reduce the level of fatigue in the workplace. (Http: / / dyahanggraini.ngeblogs.com/2010/02/12/ergonomi-dan-fungsinya /)
Application / implementation of Ergonomics:
1. Position Work consists of sitting and standing position, sitting position in which the foot is not burdened with the weight of the body and stable position during work. While standing position where the vertical position of the spine and body weight in a balanced concentrated on two legs.
2. Work processes. The workers can achieve the work equipment in accordance with the position of working time and according to the size anthropometrinya. Anthropometric measures should be distinguished from the west and east.
3. The layout of the workplace. Display must be clearly visible during work activities. While the internationally accepted symbol is more widely used than words.
4. Lifting weights. Various ways in which lifting weights, with head, shoulders, arms, back etc.. This burden is too heavy (Source: http://www.depkes.go.id/downloads/Ergonomi.PDF) Examples of the simplest and most common is a chair with humans who use them (have). The explanation is simple: If we sit a comfortable chair, then we can work more comfortable and relaxed so that the concentration is maintained, consequently the results of our work is also good.
The position we're using a laptop on the bed floor /, our position when lifting a gallon of drinking water, and especially a variety of positions when we do the work of many cases on the science of ergonomics. Calculation, analysis and ergonomic design aims to create a comfortable working tool when used to enhance user productivity. Working position error enable one to become easily tired, lack of concentration and even aches or pain in certain parts. (Http: / / ergonominews.blogspot.com/2009/10/contoh-sederhana-ilmu-ergonomi.html) 

ergonomics secure general definitions

Ergonomics comes from the words: "ergon" = work, 'nomos' = rules / laws, so that Ergonomics can be defined as the science of the rules on working. "Ergonomics is the science and its application to align their job search and the environment against people or vice versa in order to achieve high productivity and efficiency through optimum utilization of man"
Thus it can be said that ergonomics is an applied science that studies the issue and seek solutions on human factors in the production process. It can be said also of ergonomics as a technology for designing / organizing work, is the scope of the science of ergonomics include a number of applications some of which support each other sciences, such as the science of anatomy, physiology, psychology, science engineering and a host of other sciences which collectively same place as the main focus of human factors in a series of work contained in the working system. (Http: / / mirave21.blogspot.com/2009/05/ergonomi.html)

FUNCTION Ergonomics

Ergonomics has a function that can provide comfort for people to do the job. With constraints such as those possessed by human limitations can be overcome. Another function, ergonomics can reduce the use more energy when someone does the job. Selin, ergonomics can mebuat better person in doing a good job pruktivitas better.
For example, the position between the tables and chairs kethka we work or study. This position is made in such a way that we can easily do the job.
Psychological impact that can make the productivity increase due to an ergonomic position to reduce the level of fatigue in the workplace. (Http: / / dyahanggraini.ngeblogs.com/2010/02/12/ergonomi-dan-fungsinya /)
Application / implementation of Ergonomics:
1. Position Work consists of sitting and standing position, sitting position in which the foot is not burdened with the weight of the body and stable position during work. While standing position where the vertical position of the spine and body weight in a balanced concentrated on two legs.
2. Work processes. The workers can achieve the work equipment in accordance with the position of working time and according to the size anthropometrinya. Anthropometric measures should be distinguished from the west and east.
3. The layout of the workplace. Display must be clearly visible during work activities. While the internationally accepted symbol is more widely used than words.
4. Lifting weights. Various ways in which lifting weights, with head, shoulders, arms, back etc.. This burden is too heavy (Source: http://www.depkes.go.id/downloads/Ergonomi.PDF)

comment
 in my opinion, very important for us to study the science of ergonomics. because in ergonomics taught us to be able to learn to interact with the work, be it a working tool or our work environment. This major effect on the results of our work. with the application of ergonomics knowledge workers can minimize workplace accidents, faulty work, make effective working time and labor
 other than that in the ergonomics also consider the safety aspects of its workers. also consider the effects on the environment works. this is very influential on the condition of the working environment. so in workmanship or manufacturing process, is expected to ergonomics as one aspect that must be considered. therefore expected to apply the science of ergonomics we obtain the result of an optimal, effective and efficient. Do not forget to always put safety and health of producers and consumers.